"Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. black jazz musicians developed an intense jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). The music business suffered during the Great Depression. This would go back and forth a number of times. Swing as popular music usually had vocals, such as Glenn Miller's "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," and was intended for dancing. in its strictest [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . The But there were a few instrumental popular hits, such as Count Basie's "One O'Clock Jump" and Miller's "In the Mood." 3. Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Louis Armstrong (cornet/trumpet), Bix Beiderbecke (cornet), Jelly Roll Morton (piano/composer), Sidney Bechet (soprano sax, clarinet), Earl "Fatha" Hines (piano) Swing/Big Band Era (1930-1945) %%EOF
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[44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" - Duke Ellington & Ella Fitzgerald, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing),, Kansas City was the swingingest sound in the world. Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. serene style of "cool jazz" became the rage on the west coast. The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. The score indicated a fixed number of measures for solo improvisation and also musical notations with the desired sounds and effects. baritone saxophone. Da Capo Reprint Paperback, 1973. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. "Hot" Jazz, as improvised over standard blues patterns. is America's %PDF-1.5
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[3] In the late 1930s, Shep Fields incorporated a solo accordion, temple blocks, piccolo and a viola into his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz 20th-century popular music and culture. attractive to general listeners. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. of jazz Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned He would conduct his band from his drum set. has undergone several stylisdtic transformations, the most significant of which (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. (5) tromboneJoe Nanton, and (6) clarinetBarney Bigard. They established independent patterns for the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and the rhythm section within segments of the arrangement that featured improvised solos. has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. (1899-1974): The Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. 6 Steps to Big Band Writing with Steven Feifke. Louis Armstrong was the first to establish vocals as a part of an instrumental tradition. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. - Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm became known for its strong riffing brass section, heavy percussion, rhythmic sensibility, and dynamic blues playing heard in Jump Children.. Three bypass valves over the tube can be used to lower the pitch of the trumpet. Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop Cool Jazz A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). 1U^
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All the big bands would go up there. 2. highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed While all my lessons are free, if you find them useful please consider donating to help keep them coming. "Swing" feeling: The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is This Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! Gioia, Ted. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. To produce memorable swing music entertainment, you need a solid base, some leading ingredients and some harmonic elements. KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). Ellington expanded Armstrong's small The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields and, later, Glenn Miller were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. grooves), - style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. the late 1950s led to the more daring experiments of "free jazz" by (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. The embellishments gradually became more adventurous, but they were generally always played with the melody in mind. They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ ELLINGTON and William "Count" They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ . And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. All Jazz styles have two common features: - But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. style known as SWING. Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. [24] In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), black jazz musicians developed an. But you also need to inject your style and personality into the music you make. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. Many musicians served in the military and toured with USO troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. of main line "crooners" such as Bing introduction, the main theme, and four varied improvised choruses. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. Other renowned vocalists are blues singers Jimmy Rushing with You Can Depend on Me and Joe Williamss Roll Em Pete, featured with the Count Basie Orchestra, whose repertoire included ballads, jazz and pop standards. A. Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. until you reach Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.[46]. Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. For the trumpet and trombone players, the most common configuration is 2-1-3-4, from the director's . orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. [3] In the 1940s, Stan Kenton's band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three tenor and two bass trombones), five saxophones (two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, one baritone saxophone), and a rhythm section. His music uses Eastern rhythms, meters, and advanced rhythmic techniques. In the The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. - Duke Ellington's . "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody (who are noted for their blending of Afro-Cuban jazz elements within a California. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band NY: Penguin Books:1977. Some bands, like those of Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Woody Herman, that performed in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s continued to perform successfully into the 1970s and 1980s. He was also a band leader and arranger who traveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. "Duke" ELLINGTON 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this "big band" backup, the most famous example, The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy from Loops are played at 120 and 125 bpm. Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. tenor saxophone. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. The swing era followed boogie-woogie. Trumpets provide a brash buzzing sound thats well suited for a melody. below to see YouTube performance clips), - Until the political climate changes in Chile, Allende will write from her current home in Big band swing was at the forefront of jazz and underwent its most concentrated growth and development from 1930 . In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. A ballad is a simple song, usually romantic in nature, and uses the same melody for each stanza. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. Above all else, Swing music is dance music which means it was: This also meant it was incredibly commercial. He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. [51] Fictionalized biographical films of Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman were made in the 1950s. Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. Orchestra. '20s," "HOT" JAZZ The first jazz concert, called A Swing Music Concert took place in 1936 in New York City. completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. Tucker, Sherrie. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . (Click Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. Later, She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Modern big bands can be found playing all styles of jazz music. Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. Jazz began in New Orleans in the He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. exemplifies many of the most innovative aspects of this new jazz style: (1) It The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". [19], It is useful to distinguish between the roles of composer, arranger and leader. I am Joaqun/Yo Soy Joaqun was first published in 1967. His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. "Fusion" in its strictest Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. Guiding Principals. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. ways. Print, p. 226, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Ellingtonians salute swing era clarinets", Discography of American Historical Recordings: Charles Magnante's Accordion Quartette with guitar and string bass on uscb.edu, "Leone Jump; Swing Low, Sweet Chariot; The Jazz Me Blues; Nursery Rhymes", Discography of American Historical Recordings- John Serrapica (aka John Serry) as a member of the Charles Magnante Accordion Quartette with guitar and string bass on uscb.edu, "JazzTimes 10: Great Modern Big-Band Recordings", "Difference Between Music Composer & Arranger", "Composer Maria Schneider Returns, With A Reckoning, On 'Data Lords', "Billy Strayhorn's Lush Life Beyond Duke Ellington", "Big Band Arranging: for composers, orchestrators and arrangers: 16, Solos and Backgrounds", "Inside the Score in the 21st Century: Techniques for Contemporary Large Jazz Ensemble Composition", "1910s Pop Trend: The Ragtime Dance Craze", "George Robert Crosby Bandleader, Vocalist, Actor, Radio/TV Host", "Sounds of Hot Jazz Stay Warm: Harry James Band to Play at the Mission", "Chapter 11. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. "Call and Response" was a common musical device. style, boogie-woogie was born. Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. Vocalists began to strike out on their own. Concert intricate fast rhythms and tremendous Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. alto saxophone. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the . and Ph. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American of American jazz. Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. saxophonist Gerry MULLIGAN (of the Gerry Mulligan Quartet Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). leaders in America. From The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. In the fifties, the emergence of rock-and-roll would capture broad attention as jazz moved in new artistic directions. The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated However, some of the major artists, such as Ellington and Basie, provided much of the music for their orchestras themselves. The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. One of the most common forms used in jazz This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. In and ingenuity. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its, You must be a registered user to view the. Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as bebop. Daniels, Douglas. By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_band&oldid=1142698476, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 22:19. This approach was then further expanded upon by Bebop, which largely abandoned the original melody of the song to create brand new melodies based on an established chord progression this was known as a contrafact. The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. In the late 1940s, progressive Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. DAVIS was one of the first jazz artist to cross over and adopt elements of who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. can keep track of this form by counting to 4 twelve times ("1 2 3 4", "2 2 3 4", "3 2 3 4", "4 2 3 4", "5 2 3 4", etc. $27.95. But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. During the "Roaring "walking bass" accompaniment, - Harmony Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. 3. Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. [9] During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm sextet". So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple.
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