WebFusitron oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Common name(s): Hairy triton, Oregon hairy triton: Synonyms: Argobuccinium oregonense: Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Mesogastropoda Suborder Taenioglossa Family Cymatiidae: Fusitron oregonensis from 15 m depth, Sares Head. Annotated list of shell-bearing gastropods [1] Species [ edit] Species within the genus Fusitroton include: [1] Fusitriton brasiliensis Cossignani & Cossignani, 2003 Fusitriton galea Kuroda & Habe, 1961 Fusitriton glassi Swinnen, 2019 Fusitriton laudandus Finlay, 1926 In spite of the potential costs, therefore, train formation and conjugation may represent purely mutualistic behaviours (Table 1). (B) Montage of side-by-side transmission electron microscopy sections of the carrier (i) and lancet (ii) parasperm. PLOS Biology provides an Open Access platform to showcase your best research and commentary across all areas of biological science. Sometimes, however, it is informative to measure relatedness at different scales [41]. Here, evolutionary conflict is not strictly between the sperm and the male, but rather between the selfish segregation distorter linkage group and everyone else (all other genes in the sperm and the male). These social sperm are often highly adapted to the task. This excess sperm cannot contribute to fertilisation but appears to flush out previously stored sperm from a competing ejaculate, and while this means that some sperm are harming others, these sperm do not seem to have much choice in the matter. Golikov, A. N.; Kussakin, O. G. (1978). In support of this theory, recent artificial insemination experiments in the silkworm moth Bombyx mori revealed that parasperm may facilitate transport of eusperm to the site of sperm storage and/or fertilisation [18], and the enormous size of the parasperm in some molluscs, up to 140 times larger than eusperm, may also help to shuttle eusperm to the eggs [19]. Yes View 4 excerpts, references background and results. But what would altruism look like in these groups? Can parasperm direct their actions based upon genetic relatedness? Calculations of relatedness require one to assign the relevant population scale at which individuals interact and compete (see Box 1, [16]). Another interesting comparison can be made among species with different genetic systems, in particular diploid and haplodiploid species (such as Hymenoptera). Pairing of tritons occurs from spring to the end of July. For example, male butterflies produce two types of sperm: eupyrene and apyrene sperm. Veliger larvae of the NE Pacific snail Fusitriton oregonensis were reared in culture for 4.5 to 4.6 years from hatching to metamorphosis and through postlarval growth to reproduction. The second male's sperm are less likely than average to share genes with the first (negative relatedness, Box 1), which can favour sperm that harm themselves just to reduce the chance that the other male's sperm fertilise eggs (spite). Segregation distorters are groups of linked genes that are able to prevent the proper development of sperm that lack them [3739], such that in a heterozygote male, one half of the sperm will eliminate the other half. [5], The Oregon hairy triton is native to the northwestern coast of North America. Part I. This principle of mutual cooperation is consistent with several sperm behaviours that appear to increase the fertilising probability of all team players. An intermediate case, however, seems more likely; experimental studies using labelled sperm indicate that different ejaculates can stratify within the female's sperm-storage organs [40]. Beu, A. WebThese patterns of abundance correlate with feeding preferences and distributional patterns of the predatory snail Fusitriton oregonensis, which occurs only in rocky subtidal sites, prefers ascidians over other invertebrates as prey and prefers phlebobranchs over stolidobranchs. The Bulletin of the Russian Far East Malacological Society 15-16: 5-30. No drawings available for Cymatiidae. The charming great-diving beetle Dytiscus marginalis has sperm with a distinctive flat side that allows some sperm to pair upstuck together by the headand use both tails to propel themselves onward [8]. According to some authorities, four years is long enough to drift completely across the Pacific Ocean. As opossum conjugate sperm pairs move through the female oviduct and approach the egg, they split up, and while one swims on with fervour, the other falls away and loses motility [12,13]. Meanwhile, sisters will have a probability of allele sharing because, in addition to chance, they have a probability of inheriting an identical allele from a parent. In some extreme cases, however, we already know the answer. SummaryThe prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism. When interacting with relatives, a sperm has the opportunity to transmit its genes by helping other sperm that carry them (indirect fitness) as well as by personally fertilising an egg (direct fitness) [16]. Fusitriton is a genus of large predatory sea snails marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cymatiidae. Moreover, choosing the appropriate scale can help to capture the relevant biology. WebThe Oregon triton inhabits the intertidal and subtidal to 90 m deep, and is more commonly found on rocky substrates. (C) Apical hook morphology across different species of rodents (1, Bunomys fratrorum; 2, M. musculus; 3, R. norvegicus; 4, Dasymys incomtus; 5, Pseudomys oralis; 6, Maxomys surifer; 7, Melomys burtoni; 8, A. sylvaticus; 9, A. speciosus). But now our female mates with a second male, and the battlegrounds shift somewhat. It would seem then that the observed link between sperm competition and grouping behaviour is all about the male. He has little to gain from sperm infighting, and instead only seeks to ensure that all of the eggs available are fertilised by his sperm. The shell is an elongate cone with six whorls (or turns) around a central axis. No, Is the Subject Area "Fertilization" applicable to this article? e130. Yes (A) Wood mouse A. sylvaticus sperm train where sperm are attached hook-to-hook or hook-to-flagellum (credit: Harry Moore). After mating the female tritons lay the eggs on vertical surfaces and under rock ledges. WebDepth range based on 90 specimens in 1 taxon. Finally, we must better understand how the insemination of different ejaculates affects female fitness. The rise of sociobiology in the sixties and seventies was largely driven by the problem of altruism: why does a honeybee worker, for example, sacrifice her personal reproduction to help queen and colony? It is fairly common, and can be locally abundant. And with this perspective comes the potential for true sperm sociality. Helgolnder wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Besides typical spermatozoa, which fertilize eggs, extraordinarily large atypical spermatozoa of extremely bizarre shape are formed in the testis of the protandric marine snailEpitonium tinctum, Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. But it is also clear that the standard measure of relatedness does not usefully predict this behaviour: positive relatedness is not expected to drive fatal conflicts. However, the mixing of sperm from competing males also means that a sperm cell is now more likely to share genes with sperm from the same male than with the average sperm present in the female (positive relatedness). Habe, T. (1992). The only conflict for the male is with other males, and this conflict strengthens as the number of sperm inseminated by other males into the same female increases. The potential for sperm to have a social life then seems clear, but does this help us to make sense of the diverse sperm behaviour seen in nature? If a female mates once, all sperm have the same probability of sharing genes, and relatedness at the scale of the female is zero. (A) Immature Oregon triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) lancet parasperm seen with scanning electron microscopy, showing the tail brush still present, which later develops into part of the body of the parasperm. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Fusitriton oregonensis . That is, are the actor and recipient genetically related? This means that, in addition to conflict among individual sperm, there is also potential conflict between each sperm and the male, which could lead to an evolutionary arms race over which controls sperm morphology and behaviour [5,7]. Further experiments that mix differentially labelled sperm would provide opportunities to test the potential for sperm kin recognition and spermsperm interactions in general. The power of interspecies comparisons for our understanding of sperm biology is already clear from the link between sperm morphology and promiscuity (Figure 2). Sperm heteromorphism: The analogy with an insect worker caste appears to go even further in species with morphologically distinct sperm types, a phenomenon known as sperm heteromorphism. The shells grow from 8 to 13 centimetres (3 to 5in) long. The ultrastructure of the paraspermatic cells (atypical spermatozoa) in the male genital tracts of nine species of marine Prosobranchia is described and these cells derive from the same germinal line as the typical spermatozoon, and seem to be homogeneous in their general constitution. WebDepth range based on 90 specimens in 1 taxon. Yes No, Is the Subject Area "Evolutionary genetics" applicable to this article? As might be expected, sperm grouping is sometimes found to drive more efficient migration towards the egg. WebThe gastropod Fusitriton oregonensis (Eaton 1971), wolf eels, and lithoid crabs (D. 0. WebGenus Fusitriton Species oregonensis Common Name: Hairy Oregon Triton. This means that sperm will probably join with sperm from the same male rather than sperm from another male that mates before or afterwards; i.e., there may often be positive relatedness within the sperm groups (Figure 1, Box 1). More formally, relatedness is calculated as (pR - p)/(pA - p) where pR, pA, and p denote focal gene frequency at a focal locus in recipients, actors, and the population at large [43]. This case is also the most interesting, because it generates non-zero relatednesses that may select for complex social traits (see Box 1). In the wood mouse, over 50% of the sperm forming a train undergo a premature acrosome reaction that prevents them from fertilising [3]. This service is powered by LifeWatch Belgium, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3370106, http://rfems.dvo.ru/images/rfems/bulletin/vol_015_016/article_01.pdf, http://www.biolbull.org/content/213/2/152.full.pdf+html, http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/books/golikov1978_rakov_brjukh_litorali_morei_sssr.djvu, To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication), To Biodiversity Heritage Library (25 publications), To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL), To USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection. WebThe prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism, which is attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm, and the possible functions of the lancet and carrier sperm are discussed. KRF is supported by National Institute of General Medical Sciences Center of Excellence Grant 5P50 GM 068763-01. Some examples are better interpreted in terms of selfishness by the male, such as sperm flushing. Summarize this article for a 10 years old, Fusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. PLoS Biol 6(5): WebGenus Fusitriton Species oregonensis Common Name: Hairy Oregon Triton. WebThe prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism, which is attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm, and the possible functions of the lancet and carrier sperm are discussed. Late veligers grew slowly, but shell sizes increased even in the 4th and 5th years. This appears to facilitate and synchronise sperm migration to the female sperm storage organs, where the spermatostyle disintegrates, releasing the sperm [8]. WebFusitriton oregonensis is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. Comparably, in externally fertilising species, sperm populations are represented by discrete spawning events. Although the mode of action of these sperm is unclear, they are extremely motile and have been suggested to act as a filler that evolved to prevent the female from re-mating by stimulating her sperm storage organ and making it feel full. The replication of centrioles during spermatogenesis in the Prosobranch snail is described in the light of the theory, first proposed by Pollister, that the supernumerary centriole in the atypical cells are derived from the centromeres of degenerating chromosomes. This is nowhere more important than in the measure of genetic relatedness. The idea that sperm harm one another dates back 25 years in the empirical literature [2629]. The ultrastructure of mature spermatozoa is investigated for the first time in the Volutidae and results obtained for P. mirabilis from testis material are essentially as observed in Z. dufresnei, although the euspermatozoan acrosome still has to achieve its compressed transverse profile. It is said that the species name (oregonesis) celebrated the naming of the Oregon territory. But is this really spite? It occurs occasionally intertidally and is com-mon to 140 fm on rock, sand, shell, or gravel sub-strate. For example, if there are two alleles at equal frequency in the population at a focal locus, then unrelated people will have probability of having the same allele at that locus. Pairing of tritons occurs from spring to the end of July. WebThe mechanisms by which Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis persists in the presence of F. oregonensis is unknown. WebFusitriton oregonensis is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. The viable, eupyrene sperm are attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm. Appreciating this sociality is a promising step forward in unravelling the mystery of subfertile or sterile sperm. Typically, chance is taken relative to the population frequency of the relevant alleles. Not always. But like all partnerships, they will perform the best in the face of their worst foe: the sperm of another male that threatens to eradicate their genetic trace altogether. There are clearly some constraints: mature sperm DNA is condensed, which limits its potential for expression [33,34]. Veliger larvae of the NE Pacific snail Fusitriton oregonensis were reared in culture for 4.5 to 4.6 years from hatching to metamorphosis and through postlarval growth to reproduction. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060130.g001. The ability of sperm to express their own genes suggests that we should not view them simply as passive automata that serve the male, but rather as semi-independent agents with their own evolutionary interests. Environmental ranges Depth range (m): 0 - 662.5 Parasperm may also actively release compounds that harm eusperm: immature lancet paraspermatids are known to produce digestive enzymes that may end up being released in the female [19]. (B) Motile grouping of wood mouse sperm (credit: Harry Moore). Golikov A.N., Starobogatov Ya.I. Just as positive relatedness predicts that there may be helping among individuals, so negative relatedness predicts that there may be harming. Environmental ranges Depth range (m): 0 - 662.5 Beu A.G. 2010 [August]. WebGenus Fusitriton Species oregonensis Common Name: Hairy Oregon Triton. With these questions, we return to the paradox of those sperm that cannot, or will not, fertilise an egg. Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 50 samples. (D) Electron microscopy of exquisite sperm head alignment in conjugate sperm pair (credit: Harry Moore). Reproduction: Each triton is one gender. Finally, parasperm may sometimes reduce the spermicidal effects in the female reproductive tract, thereby saving some eusperm [20,21]. Total length 13 cm. But swimming in a train also costs some sperm dearly. An associated question is whether stratified sperm are able to actively recognise other sperm, or whether associations result from passive processes such as the spatial separation of ejaculates within a female. Phylogenetic studies suggest that sperm competition may be associated with the evolution of heterospermy in some taxa [22], but not in others [23]. Yes The U-shaped outer layer of each mitochondrial element has been reported here in the subfamily Odontocimbiolinae and may prove to be a diagnostic feature of the Volutidae family. Fusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. The sperm morphology of Adelomelon beckii is described by optical and transmission electron microscopy and the use of paraspermatozoa is suggested as a systematic character to reveal phylogenetic relationships in this family. The shells often wash up on the coast during high tides.[2][3]. The species also holds the record for longest larval development period of any marine invertebrate, able to delay metamorphosis for over 4 years until presented with appropriate habitat. And while no speed advantage in grouping was found in the house mouse, Mus musculus [10], sperm groups swim faster than single sperm in the Norway rat [10] and the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (discussed below) [3]. This is fixed, however, by shifting scales. No, Is the Subject Area "Altruistic behavior" applicable to this article? In other words, taking the perspective of the haploid genome in a sperm cell, different sperm haplotypes from the same male are in evolutionary conflict [5,6], while from the perspective of the diploid genome of the male parent, all sperm are equally valuable. (B) Montage of side-by-side transmission electron microscopy sections of the carrier (i) and lancet (ii) parasperm. [1] The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. Hundreds of sperm agglutinate by the head in the fishfly, Parachauliodes japonicus, and swim into the female spermatheca to the tune of a synchronised tail-beat, which propels them faster in large groups than in small [9]. Chromatin condensation begins with the formation of fibrous strands, then to lamellar plates which become folded and later twisted around the flagellar shaft, which eventually fuse to form a homogeneously dense nuclear tube. When two individuals share more genes in common than the population average, they are genetically related, and natural selection can favour altruistic behaviours that invest in another's reproduction, as with social insect workers. But given that the attachment phase seems to require autonomous sperm behaviour [3], it seems likely that both male and sperm interests effect the grouping. Gulbin, V. V.; Chaban, E. M. (2012). As in eusocial insects [17], therefore, a combination of kinship and coercion may work in concert to produce sperm sociality. First, we consider cases of sperm cooperation, where sperm have adapted to group together to mutual advantage, much like wolves that hunt in packs. of Commander Islands. (A) Paired and single sperm of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica. , , 116: 292 .]. . No, Is the Subject Area "Swimming" applicable to this article? WebThe Oregon triton is a common subtidal species of marine snail found from southern Califor-nia to the Gulf of Alaska and to the eastern Bering Sea. This study was not planned as one of larval longevity and replication is low, but the observations are surprising and noteworthy. WebThe Oregon triton inhabits the intertidal and subtidal to 90 m deep, and is more commonly found on rocky substrates. Puzzling at first, this hook is now thought to help sperm to reversibly form groups of up to several hundred sperm (Figure 2A and 2B). [9] Evidence supports the conclusion of Healy (1988b) that Vermetoidea are not closely related to lower caenogastropods, such as Cerithioidea and related groups and for the first time, nuclear degradation in parasperm of VermetOidea is shown to progress by an apoptotic mechanism. Fusitriton oregonensis AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS Upload your photos Google image | No photo available for this species. [ .., .. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. The incentive for producing apyrene sperm, however, appears still to result from evolutionary conflict; in this case with other males. WebFusitriton oregonensis is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. In 1989, the Oregon hairy triton was declared the states official sea shell by the sixty-fifth Legislative Assembly of Oregon. (C) Montage of two transmission electron microscopy sections of a carrier parasperm transporting eusperm (long dark nuclei) with some cross-sections of eusperm and carrier and lancet parasperm (credit: John Buckland-Nicks). It is said that the species name (oregonesis) celebrated the naming of the Oregon territory. Finally, in most species of American opossums, sperm rotate to align their head in pairs as they mature in the epididymis, leading to pairs of sperm conjugated by the head and propelled by the coordinated beat of both tails, which results in both a faster and straighter trajectory than solitary swimming sperm [12,13] (Figure 3). Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 50 samples. (1846). But why would close relatives kill each other? It is in the interests of each individual sperm to rise to the challenge and do anything to fertilise an egg. Duggins, personal observation) can consume urchins, but the crabs and eels are rare in this benthic community, and Fusitriton, while common, eats urchins rarely (D. 0. [2][3][4], It was declared the state seashell of Oregon in 1989 by the 65th Legislative Assembly. Meanwhile, sperm of gyrinid beetles are attached via a third-party rod-like object produced in the male epididymis, the spermatostyle. Bulletins of American Paleontology 377-378: 550 pp, 79 pls. The shell is light brown in color and is covered with gray-brown bristly periostracum, hence the name "hairy." The two males are in strong conflict with one another as their ejaculates compete to fertilise the eggs, an inter-male process called sperm competition. WebThe mechanisms by which Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis persists in the presence of F. oregonensis is unknown. Social evolution theory predicts that relatedness is central to social behaviour. Our simple relatedness calculations assume that sperm social behaviours have no negative effects on females or on the probability that eggs are left unfertilised (Figure 1, Box 1). [2][3][4], It was declared the state seashell of Oregon in 1989 by the 65th Legislative Assembly. No, Is the Subject Area "Natural selection" applicable to this article? It occurs occasionally intertidally and is com-mon to 140 fm on rock, sand, shell, or gravel sub-strate. Its range extends from the Bering Sea to northern Mexico; it is also found on coastlines in We then turn to more paradoxical cases where the morphology and/or behaviour of a sperm cell actually reduces its probability of fertilisation, and interpret these traits in light of the evolution of altruism and spite (Table 1). WebFusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. (B) Male perspective (population is at the scale of the real population). But do sperm preferentially group with others from the same male, and moreover, is there evidence for sperm altruism? The viable, eupyrene sperm are attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm. The secret to unravelling the mystery of subfertile and infertile sperm may lie in understanding their social lives. Whether these behaviours are formally altruistic or spiteful, however, remains to be seen. Are these effects due to natural selection acting on the male or on the individual sperm? It is fairly common, and can be locally abundant. Radulae of Three Gastropodous Species from the Sagami Bay, which were Collected by The Emperor Showa. here. Sperm features suggest a close relationship between T. amurula and M. tuberculata and more broadly with other 'Group T cerithioidean families exhibiting four equal-sized eusperm mitochondria, including Potamididae, Modulidae, Scaliolidae, Melanopsidae, Semisulcospiridae and Pleuroceridae. We will argue here that it does. Biological Bulletin. 213(2) 152-159. While subsequent studies did not support this idea in humans [31,32], similar mechanisms might occur in some snails. Short-beaked echidnas may also experience intense inter-male sperm competition because males have large testes and form queues of up to 11 individuals competing over the same receptive female [11]. Reproduction: Each triton is one gender. Reproduction: Each triton is one gender. (A) Immature Oregon triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) lancet parasperm seen with scanning electron microscopy, showing the tail brush still present, which later develops into part of the body of the parasperm. Environmental ranges Depth range (m): 0 - 662.5 There is a second apyrene sperm, which is lancet-shaped and has a different internal organization than the carrier, but does not transport eupyrene sperm.The eupyrene sperm are filiform (185 m long), with a conical acrosome, elongate nucleus and midpiece. The magic ingredient for spite is negative relatedness, whereby individuals have a less than average chance of sharing genes. This may mean temporary alliances with other sperm, but may also mean strong competition among the sperm of the same ejaculate. The prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism. Yes Consistent with this imagery, sperm morphology and behaviour in many organisms appears exquisitely designed to maximise the chances of fertilisation of each individual sperm cell [1]. The shells are found from Alaska to California, as well as in northern Japan. This situation can favour altruism, and indeed, as the sperm of our focal male become rarer, altruism becomes a better option than spite (it is more difficult to knock-down a majority than support a minority). This study was not planned as one of larval longevity and replication is low, but the observations are surprising and noteworthy. Later features, including the peripheral condensation of nuclear chromatin followed by nuclear invagination, the posterior breakdown into nuclear vesicles (caryomerites), centriole multiplication and the synthesis of secretory products, are the most conspicuous changes in the process of paraspermatogenesis. The dimorphic spermatozoa in Strombus were first described by Brock in I887 in the case of S. Lentiginosus and his description and figures are sufficient to show how marked and striking is the dimorphism existing here and it is surprising that this has not been made the subject of further investigation by more recent workers. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. However, the reference to scale here is easily missed, as it is implicit in the need to define the probability of gene sharing above chance. The prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism. Late veligers grew slowly, but shell sizes increased even in the 4th and 5th years. State Symbols: Mountains to National Wildlife Refuges, Chapter 186 State Emblems; State Boundary, "Washington State University Extension, Intertidal Organisms EZ-ID Guides: Fusitriton oregonensis (Oregon triton)", "An extraordinarily long larval duration of 4.5 years from hatching to metamorphosis for teleplanic veligers of, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusitriton_oregonensis&oldid=1010071585, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2021, at 17:24. The question of sperm autonomy lies in the relative degree to which sperm can express their genes when in the haploid state. However, there is also evidence for gene expression in sperm during and after meiosis [35,36], including the striking examples of segregation distorters. Show More The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. Larval shells grew in length from 0.20 to 3.9 mm. Description of some new species of shells. (2007). WebFusitriton is a genus of large predatory sea snails marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cymatiidae. WebFusitron oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Common name(s): Hairy triton, Oregon hairy triton: Synonyms: Argobuccinium oregonense: Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Mesogastropoda Suborder Taenioglossa Family Cymatiidae: Fusitron oregonensis from 15 m depth, Sares Head.
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