In England, wolf persecution was enforced by legislation, and the last wolf was killed in the early 16th century during the reign of Henry VII. More than . In another case he recounted how 'an unspeakably cruel German soldier grabbed a Jewish woman's child from her'. In 2007 the wolf population in Ukraine exceeded 2,500. One of them, a baby-faced young fighter who only gave his first name, Vlad, says he was captured in April by the Ukrainian security services and deported back to Russia. Service members of pro-Russian troops in the . Some were buried in the unmarked plots while still alive. Battle Halts While Troops Fight Wolves Oklahoma City Times Even with the return of evacuees from the east and the repatriation of forced labourers from Germany, Ukraines estimated population of 36 million in 1947 was almost 5 million less than before the war. At least 72 people were bitten between 1992 and 2000. All of this points to the complicity, if not also the direct orders, of various branches of the Russian government in the Wolves Hundred campaign from Russian border guards all the way up to the Kremlin Council for Cossack Affairs. In the fall of 1941 began the mass killings of Jews that continued through 1944. Its loins are more slender, its legs longer, feet narrower, and its tail is more thinly clothed with fur. 'Russia makes a point about Ukrainian nationalists because it is keen to divert suspicion from itself.'. They were wiped out in Germany during the 19th century. [35] Since then, the population has steadily increased and the area of distribution has grown and extended to large parts of the Federal Republic. The two are, however, mutually intelligible, as North American wolves have been recorded to respond to European-style howls made by biologists. Many people were requisitioned to dig the mass graves, to fill them, to bring the Jews in horse-drawn carts, to bring back their suits, to sell the suits, to put ashes on the blood Father Patrick Desbois, Catholic priest. Today, wolves have returned to the area. Ukraine was one of the most devastated areas in Europe during the Second World War. The Nazis were aided at times by auxiliary forces recruited from the local population. Ukraine was one of the most devastated areas in Europe during the Second World War. In 1944, the commander of the Nazi SS, Heinrich Himmler, tapped Shkuro who had become a circus performer and part-time actor during his years in Berlin to become the head of the Cossack Cavalier Corps within the Nazi Wehrmacht. Wolves vary in size depending on where they live. The partisan war started in territories in Eastern and Central Europe . With Ukraine landing in the middle of the fighting, the number of casualties are well into the multiple millions, with over 1.5 million coming from the Jewish population murdered in the Holocaust by the Nazis and their allies and collaborators (2). As an irregular paramilitary outfit, they would not have needed direct orders from the Russian armed forces, let alone the sanction of the Russian parliament, to participate in this conflict. According to Snyder "at least 2,505 people were sentenced for cannibalism in the years 1932 and 1933 in Ukraine, although the actual number of cases was most certainly greater." One more. 'It is true that radical nationalists helped Nazis in guarding and performed other tasks. The notion of Ukrainian nationalists colluding with the Nazis was a vivid horror played on by Soviet propaganda, and now seized on again by the Russian authorities in branding 'fascist' those who currently want to be outside Moscow's sphere of control. Just as in the days of the czars, the command structure of the modern-day Cossacks in Russia now leads directly to Russias Commander in Chief, who holds the exclusive right to award the rank of Cossack general. The wolvesnowhere to be found quite so large and powerful as in Russiawere desperate in their hunger and regardless of danger. 'The Nazi killers hired these German companies to move the bodies to mass graves. [60] Tengrism places high importance on the wolf, as when howling, it is thought to be praying to Tengri, thus making it the only creature other than man to worship a deity.[61]. 'Why do we come back to Ukraine?' In the east, its range overlaps with populations in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and Slovakia. Radical extremism and anti-Smitism still exists, and this is why it must be taught. ', He said: 'There may be differences in calculating the number of Jewish population in Ukraine before the war, it is about including or not including the Eastern regions of Poland after Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, but in general we can say that at least a half - if not more - of all Ukrainian Jews were killed in Holocaust at our territory.'. Yet the Soviet Union, for its own motives, obscured the full scale of the Holocaust on its own territory. You have reached your limit of free articles. The committee was successful in reducing wolf numbers in the Dinaric Alps. All told, Ukraine suffers an estimated 5 million to 7 million deaths, or roughly 16 percent of its pre-war . Around 82 people were bitten by rabid wolves in Estonia during the 18th to 19th centuries, with a further 136 people being killed in the same period by nonrabid wolves, though the animals likely involved in the latter cases were a combination of wolf-dog hybrids and escaped captive wolves. The marches held in honor of World War II Ukrainian leader Stepan Bandera this past Thursday, January 1, 2015, in Kiev marking 106 years to his birth, confirm that understanding the past is essential for making sense of the future. But all to no avail. The grey wolf was exterminated in Denmark in 1772 and Norway's last wolf was killed in 1973. The shorter ears, broader forehead, and thicker muzzle of the American Wolf, with the bushiness of the hair behind the cheek, give it a physiognomy more like the social visage of an Esquimaux dog than the sneaking aspect of a European Wolf. By some accounts, they were notably lacking in discipline. Wolves were extirpated in Slovakia during the first decade of the 20th century and, by the mid-20th century, could be found only in a few forested areas in eastern Poland. 'Of these, 1.5million to 1.6million were Ukrainian Jews,' he said, 'In other words, one in four were Ukrainian Jews.'. 'Such attitude easily inspired pogroms as we had in Western Ukraine. In the past month, their campaign has revealed a new kind of Russian warfare, one waged through the use of militant nationalist groups acting as proxies. But there maybe up to 6,000 more sites to uncover, with victims of this 'Holocaust of bullets' - so called because unlike in Poland and Germany where gas chambers were used as the means of slaughter - here most were summarily shot and buried nearby. Wolves, along with other predators like bears, lynx, and wolverines, are making a comeback in Europe. How the War in Ukraine is Shaped by Its Past "Running by myself. The child died in pools of blood in front of the parent's eyes.'. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. While Germans often think of World War II as a fight against the Russians,. A few Slovakian wolves disperse into the Czech Republic, where they are afforded full protection. But you could see the pit move, because some of them were still alive, Many people were requisitioned to dig the mass graves, to fill them, to bring the Jews in horse-drawn carts, to bring back their suits, to sell the suits, to put ashes on the blood, They stripped them naked, men and women. Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance Address: 16, Lypska str., Kyiv, 01021, Ukraine. (2003), "Wolves and humans", in, Boitani, L. (2003), "Wolf Conservation and Recovery", in. The Scandinavian wolf populations owe their continued existence to neighbouring Finland's contiguity with the Republic of Karelia, which houses a large population of wolves. Desbois warned: 'A whole part of the genocide has not been declared. Both sides agreed to a cease fire if the wolves interrupted another battle. This was part of an orgy of anti-Semitic violence that included beatings and killings which led to the deaths of 4,000 Jews in Lviv (also known as Lvov), which is 31 miles south-east of Rava Ruska. He added: 'There are certain stereotypes about participation of Ukrainian nationalists in pogroms in the early war years which were planted by Soviet history. He even killed Jews who still had their clothes on, he couldn't wait he was so crazed with rage. Russian President Vladimir Putin gives a speech during the Victory Day military parade at Red Square in Moscow on May 9, 2018. . A relatively lawless territory prior to 1889, the Black Hills attracted the type of folks looking for quick money, slow justice, and open space, especially during a short-lived gold rush. The return of the wolf in Europe. Weve been at it for almost 20 years, with different men, as part of different military forces, but always as the Wolves Hundred., The history of this regiment goes back nearly a century. In eastern Ukraine, the men of the Wolves Hundred formed the original core of the militant fighters who took over several towns in April, and they claim to have killed numerous Ukrainian servicemen over the past few weeks. 'They had barely got out when they fell and were pushed in and piled together, head to head like herrings. There must have been 60 or 70. DO NOT SHARE ANY INFORMATION ABOUT MOVEMENTS, LOCATION OR IDENTIFICATION OF ANY OF THE UKRAINIAN ARMED FORCES. Magazines, Digital 'The topic of the Holocaust was almost banned in Soviet times,' Mikhail Tyaglyy, historian of the Ukrainian Centre of Holocaust Study, told MailOnline. He uncovered accounts of how Jews were killed by the Nazis 'for fun', or 'out of anger, boredom, drunkenness', or 'to rape the girls'. Then the next wagon-load arrived, and then the next,' he said. The entire family was transported to a Banff hospital for South Dakota drew all sorts of larger-than-life Old West characters prior to statehood. "In January 2020, I had nightmares about the potential for . I just made my eyes wide and said I dont know anything about anything, Vlad says of his interrogation. Since then, its become a favorite bit of bar room banter among amateur historians, like the powerful Joe Rogan. theserenecity.substack.com. It was early April and I was guiding a small natural history film crew on an island in Southeast Alaska. that is stunning. Although wolves have special status in Hungary, they may be hunted with a year-round permit if they cause problems. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License. He anchors the history of Hitler's Holocaust and Stalin's Terror in their time and place and provides a fresh account of the relationship between the two regimes. Marcel Weyland, now 95, was one of them. New Sundance film "Misha and the Wolves" uncovers how author Mischa Defonseca made up her family story about being a Jewish child raised by wolves after being deported by the Nazis during WWII. In all, more one million Ukrainian Jews were murdered by Hitler's troops, and Father Desbois and his humanitarian organisation Yahad, in Unum, are seeking to identify the sites and erect memorials but also to help relatives track where their ancestors were slain, and now lie buried. By the 1980s, small and isolated wolf populations expanded in the wake of decreased human density in rural areas and the recovery of wild prey populations. It was a crime. [15] Larger weights of 9296kg (203212lb) have been reported in Ukraine, though the circumstances under which these latter animals were weighed are not known. Far from supporting Ukrainian political aspirations, the Nazis in August attached Galicia administratively to Poland, returned Bukovina to Romania, and gave Romania control over the area between the Dniester and Southern Buh rivers as the province of Transnistria, with its capital at Odessa. "What stood out to me was the running, hearing the plane coming, the bombing, the running," my grandmother recalled. Romania has a large population of wolves, numbering 2500 animals. Aleksandr Podlesnyi, left, was attacked by a wolf in. 05/09/2020. Soon, though, it was subsumed into Poland in the west and the Soviet Union in the east. 2 (March 2003): 3039, https://uconn-storrs.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UCT_STORRS/vjr89s/cdi_crossref_primary_10_1080_0966813032000055895. A Chelmsley Wood woman has spoken of her dismay at the situation in Ukraine as refugees flood into the region where she grew up. The priest is unapologetic over his campaign in Ukraine. Applebaum recounts in visceral and stomach-churning detail: The starvation of a human body once it begins . It's very easy to find evidence in these villages.'. The western part of modern-day Ukraine was under Polish control when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, initiating World War II. Somewhat better was the situation of Ukrainians in Galicia, where restricted cultural, civic, and relief activities were permitted under centralized control. [8] Melanists, albinos, and erythrists are rare, and mostly the result of wolf-dog hybridisation. [7]:174 Although similar in size to central Russian wolves, Swedish and Norwegian wolves tend to be more heavily built with deeper shoulders. Under the Nazis, a blend of German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and racist notions about the Slavs produced a reign of terror and genocide. Their aim, as professed by the fighters themselves, is to destroy the state of Ukraine and absorb most, if not all, of it into Russia. As a last resort, the two adversaries, with the consent of their commanders, entered into negotiations for an armistice and joined forces to overcome the wolf plague., Takeaway Claim [25] Following the two world wars, Soviet wolf populations peaked twice; 30,000 wolves were harvested annually from a population of 200,000 during the 1940s, with 40,00050,000 harvested during peak years. Ukraine's president, Volodymyr Zelenskiy, has praised his people's bravery and resolve on the 50th day of war, calling Russia's invasion "absurd" and "suicidal" in his latest . In the fall of 1941 began the mass killings of Jews that continued through 1944. It turned out, he was planning the site of what would become Rava Ruska's Jewish mass grave Father Patrick Desbois,Catholic priest. 'He rode around the village. ', Tyaglyy added: 'It is vital for all Ukrainians to keep memories of what happened in Ukraine, to come back to it, because this experience can teach us many important lessons needed nowadays. For every Cossack they kill, we will kill a hundred of their men, says one of the militants from the Wolves Hundred, who goes by the nickname Vodolaz, or Diver. But they only lasted about five years in their original incarnation. The commander of the Wolves Hundred in eastern Ukraine is a Russian citizen named Evgeny Evgenievich Ponomaryov, who goes by the nickname Batya, meaning Daddy or Papa. There are only the Russian borderlands, and the fact they became known as Ukraine after the [Bolshevik] Revolution, well, we intend to correct that mistake.. He has estimated that there may be another 6,000 sites still to find, reported Deutsche Welle. A Russian attack yesterday in the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv caused damage near the memorial site of one of the biggest mass shootings of Jews during World War II. According to Lesley Matheson with Parks Canada, one of the campers received injuries to his hand and arm. A guide to better understanding the current crisis, Live Updates on the Current Situation in Ukraine, Contemporary Ukraine in Revolution and Conflict (2004-2014), Ukraine Since Independence (1991-Present), Ukraine and the Second World War (1939-1945), Ukraine during the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War (1917-1922), Ukraine before the First World War (pre-1914), Identity, Language, and Religion in Ukraine, Films to Help Better Understand the Russia-Ukraine War, Race, Racism, and Racial Identity in Eastern Bloc, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule, Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine, Unlikely Allies: Nazi German and Ukrainian Nationalist Collaboration in the General Government during World War II, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin, http://ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt15jvz0h.3, http://ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt15jvxg8.6, https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-focus/ukraine, https://uconn-storrs.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UCT_STORRS/vjr89s/cdi_crossref_primary_10_1080_0966813032000055895, https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/ukraine-holocaust, Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Females typically weigh 60 to 100 pounds, and males weigh 70 to 145 pounds. Prominent among them was zoologist Petr Aleksandrovich Manteifel, who initially regarded all cases as either fiction or the work of rabid animals. As of 2005, the total number of Swedish and Norwegian wolves was estimated to be at least 100, including 11 breeding pairs. The wolf's primarily symbolic existence influenced a curious Anglo-Saxon law. "They didn't do a thing to sanction Hitler during World War II. The surprise German invasion of the U.S.S.R. began on June 22, 1941. [26] [28] The solders destroyed the Jewish cemetery and soon made a Jewish ghetto in the town centre. [53], In France, historical records compiled by rural historian Jean-Marc Moriceau indicate that during the period 13621918, nearly 7,600 people were killed by wolves, of whom 4,600 were killed by nonrabid wolves. This count marks a decrease of 23% from 2020 but is close to the previous decade's average end of year count (2010-2019 average = 94.5). [46] In Germany between 2000 and 2019, the number of wolf attacks on grazing animals increased from none to 890 in one year, while the number of animals injured and killed increased to 2900, indicating a specialisation in grazing animals and frequent surplus killing events. In separate testimony, an elderly witness called Yaroslav showed him to a site outside the town, and told him how he witnessed the horror of mass killing as a 13 year old boy in 1942. But in eastern Ukraine, his legacy and the banner he carried now serve the cause of Russian imperialism once again. One account from Rava Ruska was of a Nazi officer who spotted a young Jewish woman running out of the ghetto to buy butter at the market. 'They lay down and there was one sub-machine gun and two Germans, they had the skull and crossbones on their caps. But pogroms is one thing, and systematic extermination of the Jewish population which was organised purely by the German Nazis is another. (AP Photo/Efrem Lukatsky) KYIV, Ukraine Hundreds of Ukrainian nationalists held a . Wolf populations in Romania remained largely substantial, with an average of 2,800 wolves being killed annually out of a population of 4,600 from 1955 to 1965. Ukrainian troops have won a major victory against Russia, taking control of the western Kherson region, including Kherson city. The Russians set fires and exploded charges in buildings, so that Hitler's army should have no winter quarters in Kyiv, Ukraine on October 11, 1941. The grey wolf was present only in the eastern and northern parts of Finland by 1900, though its numbers increased after World War II. Organized persecution of wolves began in Yugoslavia in 1923, with the setting up of the Wolf Extermination Committee in Koevje, Slovenia. I wanted to understand why, and I discovered that 18,000 Jews were shot in this village, Rava Ruska.'. At the beginning of three weeks of filming, our primary goal was to capture video of brown bears feeding on a humpback whale carcass. [9] The howl of the Eurasian wolf is much more protracted and melodious than that of North American grey wolf subspecies, whose howls are louder and have a stronger emphasis on the first syllable. In the occupied territories, the Nazis sought to implement their racial policies. Hitler had planned to eradicate over half of Ukraine's population so that the country's rich farmland could be repopulated with Germans in their so-called quest for Lebensraum. It was part of a broader Soviet famine (1931-34) that also caused mass starvation in the grain -growing regions of Soviet Russia and Kazakhstan. 'The bullet ricocheted off his knee and he bled everywhere. As of 2017, the IUCN Red List still recorded the grey wolf as regionally extinct in eight European countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. But in the 1980s and 1990s, new European laws protected wildlife and habitat, setting the stage for their recovery. Historian Mikhail Tyaglyy said the truth about the Holocaust in Ukraine must be taught to young people. Access the newest seasons of MeatEater, save content, and join in discussions with the Crew and others in the MeatEater community. Here at MeatEater, were dedicated to separating facts from bullsh*t, so we createdthis seriesto examine suspect yarns. And in eastern and southern Europe abandoned farmland meant fewer people and more deer for wolves to hunt. They say they are volunteers driven by the ideals of their Cossack brotherhood Russian imperialism, service to the sovereign and the heavenly mandate of the Russian Orthodox Church. Michel Meuret, Laurent Garde, Charles-Henri Moulin, Marie-OdileNozires-Petit, Marc Vincent: Michel Meuret, Laurent Garde, Charles-Henri Moulin, Marie-Odile Nozires-Petit, Marc Vincent: Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 14:04, Favourable conservation status of wolves in Europe, "Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf-human relationships", "Factsheet: Gray Wolf (Eurasia's Carnivores > Canis lupus)", Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British museum, "Institutional Misfits: Law and Habits in Finnish Wolf Policy", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3746A163508960.en, Neue Zahlen: Mehr Wolfsrudel in Westpolen, "Wolves close in on Berlin after more than a century", Military training areas facilitate the recolonization of wolves in Germany, Wolf territories in Germany - summary by federal states, Soviet Union collapse 'affected region's wildlife', Status of large carnivore populations in Europe 2012-2016, Berner Konvention: Schweiz beantragt Rckstufung des Schutzstatus des Wolfs, levage et loups en France: historique, bilan et pistes desolution. Though seemingly far-fetched, it turns out these claims are mostly accurate. Berkhoff shows how a pervasive Soviet mentality worked against solidarity, which helps explain why the vast majority of the population did not resist the Germans. This goes back to 1941 when Ukraine, at the time part of the Soviet Union, was occupied by Nazi Germany. he has been able . 'Yaroslav brought me in the forest with 50 farmers, very old people who were present at the killings,' Father Desbois said. During the winter of 1917, Russian and German soldiers fighting in the dreary trenches of the Great War's Eastern Front had a lot to fear: enemy bullets, trench foot, frostbite, countless . Depending on how one counts, Ukraine was home to the largest Jewish community in Europe on the eve of the Nazi invasion, with some 2.7 million Jews, equalling about 5 percent of the population. We didn't go too near, we stayed over there, but we children could still see everything.'. President Joe Biden has said that sending US combat troops to Ukraine to fight a war with Russia is off the table. The Soviets, during their hasty retreat, shot their political prisoners and, whenever possible, evacuated personnel, dismantled and removed industrial plants, and conducted a scorched-earth policyblowing up buildings and installations, destroying crops and food reserves, and flooding mines. If theres a belief, rumor or long-held assumption youd like us to fact check, drop us a note atfactchecker@themeateater.com. The Sami extirpated wolves in northern Sweden in organized drives. They became known as the "wolf children.". But you could see the pit move, because some of them were still alive. We will give their bodies back to their mothers in bags, he told TIME on May 4 outside their base of operations in the town of Kramatorsk. Since the summer of 2021, around 1400 wolves, adult animals and young ones, are estimated to be living in Germany. 1941 - Ukraine suffers terrible wartime devastation as Nazis occupy the country until 1944. Romanians continue to begrudge Ukraine territories like Northern. According to an Al Jazeera report, Azov is a far-right all-volunteer infantry military unit, comprising of ultra-nationalists who are accused of harbouring neo-Nazi and white supremacist ideology. Of the 108 children, 59 were boys aged 1 15 years (average age 7.3 years) and 47 girls aged 1 17 years (average age 7.2 years). Russian Wolves New York Times Circumstances leading to wolf attacks on humans, The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans, "Let's get real: beyond wolf advocacy, toward realistic policies for carnivore conservation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wolf&oldid=1139317437, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 14:04. (See also Holocaust: The Einsatzgruppen.). Only the revived Ukrainian Orthodox Church was permitted to resume its work as a national institution. [26], In 1978, wolves began recolonising central Sweden after a 12-year absence, and have since expanded into southern Norway. Despite their fearsome reputation, wolves are rarely aggressive towards humans. half of them are not roadworthy down from 500,000 troops, and 5,000 tanks at the height of the cold war. The extirpation of wolves in Ireland followed a similar course, with the last wolf believed to have been killed in 1786. However, Eastern European wolf populations were reduced to very low numbers by the late 19th century. In 2005, Putin signed a law reinstating the Cossack tradition of service in the Russian armed forces. But the Wolves Hundred was formed, Ponomaryov says, long before Putin incorporated the Cossack militias into the Russian armed forces. A powerful and intelligent social animal, the wolf inhabits both open and timbered areas throughout Ukraine (except the Crimea ). The wolf has been a protected animal in Romania since 1996, although the law is not enforced. The voracious animals were attracted to the prolific and gruesome scavenging available in the warzone, attacking soldiers and civilians alike. , updated March 1, 2022. She screamed and he took an automatic rifle, got into the grave and fired. [7] The largest on record was killed after World War II in the Kobelyakski Area of the Poltavskij Region in the Ukrainian SSR, and weighed 86kg (190lb). [5], It is the largest of Old World grey wolves, averaging 39kg (86lb) in Europe;[6] however, exceptionally large individuals have weighed 6979kg (152174lb), though this varies according to region. In Galicia especially, there had long been a widespread belief that Germany, as the avowed enemy of Poland and the U.S.S.R., was the Ukrainians natural ally for the attainment of their independence. Some Ukrainians initially welcomed the Nazi invaders. Theres an open corridor for the Cossacks, for the Wolves, says Mozhaev. A sign of what was to come under the Germans was seen in the Lviv Pogrom of June 1941 immediately after the Nazi entered the city after pushing out the Red Army. I saw a young Jew who brought corpses in a cart to the Jewish cemetery. [39][40] States outside the EU which are signatories to the Bern Convention may submit a corresponding application for a change of protection status to the Standing Committee of the Berne Convention, in which the LCIE also has an advisory role. He was hiding in the trees when he saw dead children being thrown by hand into a pit - a mass grave. [59] Also, the ancient Greeks associated wolves with their own sun god Apollo. The decline in the moose populations has reduced the wolf's food supply. Transcarpathia, which had reverted from Hungary to Czechoslovakia in 1944, was ceded to Ukraine in 1945 by a Czech-Soviet government agreement. Human relationships. In February of 1917, a dispatch from Berlin noted large packs of wolves moving into populated areas of the German Empire from the forests of Lithuania and Volhynia. [46] Despite new measures to protect herds, there were 3,838 sightings of wolves in 2019 in the Auvergne-Rhne-Alpes region and compensation was paid for 12,491 detected wolf attacks.
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