Currently, forty-six African Americans serve in Congress. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. Cornell, D. (1998). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Martin, J. R. (1994). Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Tables can be useful if trying to. By making the decision-making process more . Justice and the politics of difference. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London, eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0). Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. (2012). Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. Comparative state feminism. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? Reliance on analytical thinki ng. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. 1. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. 6. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Main Research Question. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. 2. You might also like. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation pp 87110Cite as, Part of the Citizenship, Gender and Diversity book series (FEMCIT). It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. Quantitativist. 518). Fraser, N. (2003). Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. See below. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. Habermas, J. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). Representatives. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. Lovenduski, J. 2. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Pages 491-507. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. It is also known as the linear sequential model. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. Sociologist. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Phillips, A. Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Democracy and disagreement. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? (2005a). Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Roemer, J. Signs, 19(3), 713738. 3. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. A contingent yes. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. New York: Verso. Young, I. M. (2000). Conclusion. London: Routledge. There are many different types of data presentation. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Descriptive statistics describe a sample. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. Surprising as it may seem, some teachers don't think grades are a useful tool. Get Access. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. New York: Oxford University Press. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. #1) Waterfall Model. Cornell, D. (1995). Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. - Volume 55 Issue 2. (2005b). For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Emerald: Bingley. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Gender and discourse. This helps to avoid wastage of time. Institutionalizing intersectionality. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. Represent Women?A Contingent "Yes" Jane Mansbridge Harvard University Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. 2. (2001). History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Morone, J. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. States of democracy: A gender perspective. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. Towards a European union gender equality index. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Cambridge: Harvard University Press. We may share your site usage data with our social media, advertising, and analytics partners for these reasons. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance.
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