Microwave-assisted hydrothermal decomposition of super absorbent polymers. Lancet 394, 345356 (2019). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 5)49,50. US Patent 9,321,868 B2 (April 26, 2016). Brazils unified health system: the first 30 years and prospects for the future. Degrad. Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. IBGE. Woolf, S. H., Chapman, D. A., Sabo, R. T., Weinberger, D. M. & Hill, L. Excess deaths from COVID-19 and other causes, MarchApril 2020. https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706 (2021). At present, the environmental benefits of diaper recycling (including superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) recovery) are dependent on the avoided material burdens52. Zekry, M., Nassar, I., Salim, H. & Abdallah, A. interpreted the data. Therefore, efforts to introduce synergy between superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) recovery and PSA production may provide much-needed demand for diaper recycling end-products, which in-turn may improve environmental performance for both processes on a large scale. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772 (2021). M.C.C. Pract. Super absorbent polymer recycling to pressure sensitive adhesives. Andrasfay, T. & Goldman, N. Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations. For example, upon heating, polyacrylic acid is known to undergo dehydration and decarboxylation in bulk17 and solution18, respectively. All authors contributed to the interpretation of results and manuscript editing. Nature Governance ID LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Types of action LIFE Project Grants Deadline model single-stage Opening date 13 July 2021 Deadline date 30 November 2021 17:00:00 Brussels time Projetos SNAP (os chamados projetos integrados no anterior Regulamento, mas agora especficos Informao Demogrfica e Socioeconmica. Expected Impact : Applicants are expected to define, calculate, explain and achieve ambitious and credible impacts in terms of conservation benefit, ensuring at the same time long term sustainability and . The state gap remained roughly the same for both e0 and e65 (Fig. To achieve the necessary cohesive and holding strength for a PSA, the polymer (after esterification) should have a Mw>400kg/mol25,36. The new plastics economy: rethinking the future of plastics & catalyzing action. Giving superabsorbent polymers a second life as pressure-sensitive adhesives. 4a). 239, 255261 (2019). X.iieS(,& Because these data are not available by age and sex, we used de-identified publicly available data on severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalizations from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informao de Vigilncia Epidemiolgica da Gripe, or SIVEP-Gripe, in Portuguese). We surmise that the estimates derived from the decrement life table techniques (DT19 and DT20) are higher than those reported in the text because of additional biases related to violation of the assumption of independence between COVID-19 and other causes and misdiagnosis of cause of death. To determine whether the base-mediated or acid-catalyzed pathway was better, the two routes were compared using a cradle-to-product life cycle assessment (LCA, Supplementary Fig. Chem. 1b and Supplementary Table 2)5. and JavaScript. Second, we calculated cause-deleted life tables for 2020 (DT20), which examine the consequences of eliminating COVID-19 mortality from 2020 deaths44. The consequences of that death toll can be measured by e0, which indicates the average number of years a newborn would be expected to live if born in a specific year and subject to the prevailing mortality rates in that year throughout life. This result suggests that most crosslinks had been hydrolyzed within 15h (Supplementary Fig. We also calculated state inequalities in life expectancy, measured as the difference between the lowest and the highest state life expectancy, to assess changes due to COVID-19 (Methods). An alternative recycling route known as chemical recycling was developed to address these challenges8,9,10,11. Records with ill-defined, unspecified or unattended deaths (codes R99 and R98) in 2020 were treated as non-COVID-19 deaths (4.9% (75,484/1,541,556)). JAMA 325, 808811 (2021). This compromised screening for cancer, with a reduction of about 35% in new diagnoses28. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The transformation relies on an (i) acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, (ii) optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) a highly efficient esterification driven by hydrophobicity. J. 364, 19851998 (2009). Peer review information Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. S3). The G at each frequency describes an adhesives ability to dissipate energy. Brazil has been heavily affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9. Blackwhite risk differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) transmission, mortality and case fatality in the United States: translational epidemiologic perspective and challenges. LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-NATURE Gamta ir biologin vairov (angl. Third, because local health authorities have 60 d to report deaths from any cause, delayed death registration might be an issue in 2021, and, thus, for the first 4 months of 2021, we used confirmed COVID-19 deaths as reported by Brasil.io, which compiles epidemiological bulletins from the 27 state health departments. We have included these important steps in our life cycle assessments, however, our syntheses utilized the more readily accessible samples of superabsorbent polymer used to manufacture diapers at P&G. Third, for both 2020 and 2021, we calculated life tables based on the addition of COVID-19 mortality to the mortality pattern of 2019 (DT19). We applied standard life table relationships to complete these counterfactual life tables44. J. Appl. Our results quantify the effect of the COVID-19 death toll on life expectancy in Brazil. The Guardian. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. PubMedGoogle Scholar. U.S. Patent 2,917,538 (December 15, 1959). Vaccine 39, 34043409 (2021). Of the gains achieved in e0 in Brazil over 2 decades, 19% were lost due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Table 8). What it lacks is leadership commitment to save lives. The South was the last region to be severely hit by COVID-19 in 2020 (ref. As of 9 June 2021, COVID-19 has officially claimed more than 3.7 million lives worldwide, 48% of which were in the Americas. ^c2/rML[,[gs] Clin. Moriguchi, T. & Arita, Y. stream Li, Q. et al. volume12, Articlenumber:4524 (2021) & Garenne, M. The 1918 influenza epidemics effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States. As high life expectancies are predominantly in the South region and the lowest are in the North, these results suggest that COVID-19 mortality reproduced regional inequalities, reflecting the pandemics disproportionate burden among vulnerable groups5 but also spatial patterns of COVID-19 spread18. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Standard Action Projects (SAPs) Strategic Nature Projects (SNAPs) SNAPs: (1)target the implementation of the Prioritised Action Frameworks (PAF) other plans or strategies adopted at international, national, regional or multiregional level by nature 1c), broadly mirroring the patterns across states (Fig. The resulting chain-shortened PAAP&G fragments were then dialyzed to remove excess acid, lyophilized, and then ground into a powder. Due to these challenges, the focus has been on re-use of recovered materials, rather than recycling; for example, the recovered superabsorbent polymers have been explored for enhancing the water retention properties of soil21,22. Globally, there have been significant efforts towards recycling the components of diapers28. Chang noted that most existing PSAs appear between the G and G bounds of 103 and 106 Pascals (Pa) at the aforementioned bounding frequencies, and can be grouped into the quadrants (and central region) highlighted in Fig. Al-Jabari, M., Abu Ghyadah, R. & Alokely, R. Recovery of hydrogel from baby diaper wastes and its application for enhancing soil irrigation management. Therefore, COVID-19 sequelae might shorten individual lifespan. of 2-ethylhexanol and H2SO4 as a catalyst (Fig. Public Health 17, 4322 (2020). Health 9, e782e792 (2021). 3 0 obj Google Scholar. & Shamanin, V. V. Chain degradation under low-intensity sonication of polymer solutions in the presence of filler: Mechanism of ultrasonic degradation of flexible chain macromolecules. ANDS with Nectar and RDS have a vision in 2018-19 to create the Australian Research Data Cloud - "an integrated data-intensive infrastructure system, incorporating physical infrastructure, policies, data, software, tools and support for researchers." Ichiura, H., Nakaoka, H. & Konishi, T. Recycling disposable diaper waste pulp after dehydrating the superabsorbent polymer through oxidation using ozone. Catal. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002 (2021). 3). On average, larger declines in e0 and e65 were estimated in the North regions and smaller in the South regions (Fig. In Latin America, at least four countries experienced secular mortality declines at earlier dates: Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica and Cuba9. We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. 26, 565581 (2000). Esterification of polyacrylic acid using alkyl halides under basic conditions had already been reported38. Jul 13, 2021 Nature and Biodiversity ID:LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE Type of action: [object Object] Objective: To contribute to European Union objectives for the protection, maintenance and restoration of the Union's natural capital in its marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Lancet 396, 365366 (2020). Google Scholar. Chem. Accept all achievement motivation scale manual Manage preferences. J. volume27,pages 16291635 (2021)Cite this article. Part B 52, 873896 (2013). Lancet 396, 367368 (2020). Smith, D. W. & Bradshaw, B. S. Variation in life expectancy during the twentieth century in the United States. Castro, M.C., Gurzenda, S., Turra, C.M. Chem. PubMed Central Internet Explorer). Advancing sustainable materials management: 2017 fact sheet. The results from both of these experiments demonstrate that the equilibrium lies far towards the esterification product. Preston, S., Heuveline, P. & Guillot, M. Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000). served as a sounding board throughout the project. The complex viscosity again dropped several orders of magnitude over 24h, at which point no further changes were observed, again suggesting that most crosslinks have been hydrolyzed (Supplementary Fig. From April to December 2020, an emergency basic income program mitigated the challenges imposed by the pandemic37 (for example, unemployment), but this benefit ended in December 2020. Chem. The autonomous nature of this role allows for providers to own the patient's quality of care and allows for collaboration with attending physicians and other providers at the facility with the. Rev. Missed childhood immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analyses of routine statistics and of a national household survey. To calculate person-years for 2020, we first interpolated population projections, assuming exponential growth by age, sex and state, for the first day of each month in 2020. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Marcia C. Castro,Susie Gurzenda&Sun Kim, Demography Department, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Office of Population Research and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, You can also search for this author in Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. To understand why esterification is so favored, we turned to small molecule model systems (Supplementary Information pgs S17S26). endobj 7 April 2022 - Full Proposal. Tobing, S. D. & Klein, A. Molecular parameters and their relation to the adhesive performance of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. Rahimi, A. COVID-19 exacerbated inequality, exposing the most vulnerable to food insecurity and severe hunger38,39. PubMedGoogle Scholar. States are colored according to major regions. Within the first 15h, we observed a substantial drop (more than two orders of magnitude) in viscosity, after which point no further changes were observed. Changes in e0 can reflect differences in expected longevity between two periods, such as before versus during a pandemic. Science 372, 815821 (2021). 21, 12181230 (2016). M.C.C., N.G., T.A. More specifically, we compared four different cradle-to-product LCA scenarios: poly(2-ethylhexylacrylate) production in the conventional industrial approach and three variations of the recycling process: (i) sonicating the 2.5% w/v polymer solution for 1min, (ii) sonicating the 5.0% w/v polymer solution for 2min, and (iii) no sonication of the 5% w/v polymer solution.
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